Reptiles Magazine
type: channel
description: Reptiles Magazine, your source for reptile and herp care, breeding, and enthusiast articles
date: 2025-11-10T21:31:06Z
update period: hourly
update frequency: 1
update base: 2000-01-01T12:00+00:00
generator agent: https://wordpress.org/
items: Reduced Hydroperiods Enhance California Tiger Salamander Populations Over Hybrids
items: How to Ship Your Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish and Invertebrates
items: Two Frogs Native to Peru Described
items: Scientists Create Venomous Snake Antivenin with Help of Alpacas
items: New Gecko Species Covered In Tubercles Discovered In India
items: 163 Reptiles Headed to Mexico Seized At Southern Border
items: Examine Your Herp’s Health Before Buying
items: Scientists Reveal Motion of Venomous Snake Strikes
items: Giant Garter Snake Named California State Snake
items: Green Sea Turtle No Longer Listed As Endangered

Reduced Hydroperiods Enhance California Tiger Salamander Populations Over Hybrids
type: item
creator: John Virata
date: 2025-11-10T21:31:06Z
subject: Amphibians
subject: Frog & Amphibians Information & News
subject: Frog Amphibian Information & News
subject: barred slamander
subject: California
subject: California tiger salamander
subject: tiger salamander
description: Reducing the hydroperiods in zones where the hybrid salamanders were dominant led to population collapse. The post Reduced Hydroperiods Enhance California Tiger Salamander Populations Over Hybrids appeared first on Reptiles Magazine.
encoded: The native California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) has been negatively affected by the invasive barred tiger salamander (Ambystoma mavortium) in its native regions and researchers believe that extended hydroperiods (the duration in which a wetland or other soil area stays flooded or water logged during the year) benefit the hybrids of these two species more than the native species. The researchers have found that agricultural and livestock ponds in which these amphibians use have experienced, by design, longer durations of hydroperiods. This in turn has benefited the non-native species as their offspring are higher in these ponds than the native salamanders. <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-125541" class="wp-image-125541 size-full" src="https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/California_Tiger_Salamander1000.jpg" alt="California tiger salamander" width="1000" height="563" srcset="https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/California_Tiger_Salamander1000.jpg 1000w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/California_Tiger_Salamander1000-400x225.jpg 400w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/California_Tiger_Salamander1000-650x366.jpg 650w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/California_Tiger_Salamander1000-250x141.jpg 250w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/California_Tiger_Salamander1000-768x432.jpg 768w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/California_Tiger_Salamander1000-150x84.jpg 150w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/California_Tiger_Salamander1000-800x450.jpg 800w" sizes="(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /> California tiger salamander. Photo by USFWS “Hybrids often consume nearly all other species in a pond,” said Robert Cooper, assistant professor in the Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation and lead author of the study. “By the end of a season, y…

How to Ship Your Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish and Invertebrates
type: item
creator: USARK
date: 2025-11-05T19:14:46Z
subject: Featured
subject: For Beginners
subject: Health
description: Shipping live animals, such as reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates, can pose challenges at any time of year. The post How to Ship Your Reptiles, Amphibians, Fish and Invertebrates appeared first on Reptiles Magazine.
encoded: Shipping live animals, such as reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates, can pose challenges at any time of year. We often hear concerns about shipping animals during the cold of winter, but summer heat also presents challenges that need special attention. These creatures are sensitive to temperature fluctuations, so ensuring their safety during transit requires careful planning. Red-eyed treefrogs require frequent misting so they don’t dry out. photo by Jason mnz/shutterstock Here are some general guidelines we have compiled to help transport these animals safely. Safe shipping temperature guidelines must be met at the shipping origin, along with the shipping destination, as well as in any major shipping hubs likely to handle your shipment. These guidelines can also be helpful when transporting a new animal home. 1. Temperature Requirements Research the optimal temperature range for the animals you are shipping and ensure that these conditions can be maintained throughout the journey. There are specific temperature requirements for certain species, and failing to meet these standards can lead to problems. Adhere to the correct temperature protocols for the animal you intend to ship. Here are some generalized recommendations for temperature guidelines when shipping different animals: Amphibians: Below 38°F: Do not ship. Wait for warmer weather. 38°F to 59°F: Use a heat pack. 60°F to 79°F: Do not use a heat pack. 80°F to 92°F: Use a cold pack. 92°F to 100°F: Ship to a “FedEx Ship Center” facility only. Over 95°F: Do not ship. Wait for cooler weather. Reptiles: Below 38°F: Do not ship. Wait for warmer weather. 38°F to 69°F: Use a heat pack that lasts at least 40 hours. 70°F to 91°F: Do not use a heat pack. 92°F to 100°F: Ship to a “FedEx Ship Center” facility only. Over 95°F: Do not ship. Wait for cooler weather. Invertebrates: (terrestrial/arboreal): Below 38°F: Do not ship, wait for warmer weather. 38°F to 65°F: Use a heat pack. 66°F to 91°F: Do not use a heat …

Two Frogs Native to Peru Described
type: item
creator: John Virata
date: 2025-11-04T20:35:12Z
subject: Amphibians
subject: Frog & Amphibians Information & News
subject: Frog Amphibian Information & News
subject: new species
subject: Peru
subject: Phrynopus
description: Both frog species are only known by the type locality and are narrowly distributed in the Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park. The post Two Frogs Native to Peru Described appeared first on Reptiles Magazine.
encoded: Researchers have described two frogs from the genus Phrynopus that are known to occur in the Cordillera de Yanachaga, Yanachaga-Chemillén National Park in central Peru. The frogs join 13 frogs in the Phrynopus genus, including P. apumantarum, P. badius, P. barthlenae, P. bracki, P. bufoides, P. horstpauli, P. inti, P. kauneorum, P. miroslawae, P. pesantesi, P. sancristobali, P. tautzorum, and Phrynopus sp. The researchers say they are distinct lineages within the subclass and not close sisters. Beginner’s Guide To Poison Frog Care The first species, Phrynopus manuelriosi sp. nov. is a medium sized frog with small tubercles on its upper eyelids, heels and along the outer edge of its tarsus (main part of the hindlimb and the metatarsus in terrestrial vertebrates. It is red in coloration in the groin and thigh area as well as the concealed surfaces of the shank area. <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-125526" class="wp-image-125526 size-full" src="https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Phrynopus-manuelriosi.jpg" alt="Phrynopus manuelriosi" width="1000" height="1000" srcset="https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Phrynopus-manuelriosi.jpg 1000w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Phrynopus-manuelriosi-400x400.jpg 400w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Phrynopus-manuelriosi-650x650.jpg 650w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Phrynopus-manuelriosi-250x250.jpg 250w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Phrynopus-manuelriosi-768x768.jpg 768w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Phrynopus-manuelriosi-150x150.jpg 150w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Phrynopus-manuelriosi-800x800.jpg 800w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /> Figure 4: Paratypes of Phrynopus manuelriosi sp. nov. in life. (A) Dorsolateral (B) lateral (showing the groin and anterior surface of thigh…

Scientists Create Venomous Snake Antivenin with Help of Alpacas
type: item
creator: John Virata
date: 2025-11-03T19:05:47Z
subject: Snake Information & News
subject: Venomous
subject: venomous snake
subject: antivenin
subject: antivenom
subject: snake venom
description: The scientists are looking for an antivenin that is less costly than traditional antivenins and have greater efficacy against more species of venomous snakes. The post Scientists Create Venomous Snake Antivenin with Help of Alpacas appeared first on Reptiles Magazine.
encoded: An international group of scientists have developed a venomous snake antivenin (or antivenom) that could reduce the number of snakebite deaths in sub-Saharan Africa using antibodies from alpacas, South American Camelid mammals that are related to llamas. The scientists are looking for an antivenin that is less costly than traditional antivenins and have greater efficacy against more species of venomous snakes. They immunized an alpaca and a llama with the venoms of 18 venomous snake species, including cobras, mambas and rinkhals. This enabled them to create phage display libraries and also gave them the capability to identify “high-affinity broadly neutralizing nanobodies,” basically antibodies. Video: King Cobra Devours Smaller King Cobra In Singapore <iframe loading="lazy" class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" title="“Video: King Cobra Devours Smaller King Cobra In Singapore” — Reptiles Magazine" src="https://reptilesmagazine.com/video-king-cobra-devours-smaller-king-cobra-in-singapore/embed/#?secret=4RRYPErLZk#?secret=ietjgUdT0J" data-secret="ietjgUdT0J" width="600" height="338" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"> The scientists then combined 8 of the nanobodies in what is called an oligoclonal mixture, or slightly different but related antibodies that resulted in an experimental polyvalent recombinant antivenin. <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-115489" class="wp-image-115489 size-full" src="https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/snouted-cobra-shutterstock750607531.jpeg" alt="Egyptian cobra" width="712" height="534" srcset="https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/snouted-cobra-shutterstock750607531.jpeg 712w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/snouted-cobra-shutterstock750607531-400x300.jpeg 400w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/snouted-cobra-shutterstock750607531-650x488.jpeg 650w,…

New Gecko Species Covered In Tubercles Discovered In India
type: item
creator: John Virata
date: 2025-10-30T20:01:21Z
subject: Lizard Information & News
subject: New Species
subject: Wild Lizards
subject: Gecko
subject: Hemidactylus quartziticolus
subject: India
subject: new gecko
subject: new species
description: While Hemidactylus quartziticolus is its scientific name, it is suggested that its common names be Quartzite brookiish gecko or Thoothukudi brookiish gecko. The post New Gecko Species Covered In Tubercles Discovered In India appeared first on Reptiles Magazine.
encoded: Researchers have discovered and described a new species of Hemidactylus lizard from the Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu in India. The lizard is notable because, according to the researchers, it features the most densely packed tubercles of all Indian Hemidactylus lizards. The new species, Hemidactylus quartziticolus sp. nov. is only known to occur in two low, quartzite hillocks that are 45 km away from each other, residing in scrubby thorn forests and loose and stony soil, according to the paper describing the species. While Hemidactylus quartziticolus is its scientific name, it is suggested that its common names be Quartzite brookiish gecko or Thoothukudi brookiish gecko. <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-125518" class="wp-image-125518 size-full" src="https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Hemidactylus100-.jpg" alt="Hemidactylus quartziticolus" width="1000" height="1476" srcset="https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Hemidactylus100-.jpg 1000w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Hemidactylus100--400x590.jpg 400w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Hemidactylus100--650x959.jpg 650w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Hemidactylus100--250x369.jpg 250w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Hemidactylus100--768x1134.jpg 768w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Hemidactylus100--150x221.jpg 150w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Hemidactylus100--800x1181.jpg 800w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px" /> Hemidactylus quartziticolus sp. nov. in life: A male, holotype NRC-AA-1256, B female, paratype NRC-AA-1264, and C uncollected juvenile. Photos by Akshay Khandekar. The lizard is a small-sized Hemidactylus with a snout to vent length of less than 57mm. It is covered from head to the beginning of the tail in tubercles, including the front and rear legs. The tail fea…

163 Reptiles Headed to Mexico Seized At Southern Border
type: item
creator: John Virata
date: 2025-10-29T20:45:54Z
subject: smuggling
subject: Snake Information & News
subject: reptile smuggling
description: The seizure occurred when officers encountered a silver Toyota truck that was attempting to leave the United States for Mexico The post 163 Reptiles Headed to Mexico Seized At Southern Border appeared first on Reptiles Magazine.
encoded: More than 163 reptiles, spiders and centipedes were seized October 22 by U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Office of Field Operations officers at the Anzalduas International Bridge in Texas. The seizure occurred when officers encountered a driver in a silver Toyota truck who was attempting to leave the United States for Mexico and was selected for further inspection. Upon inspection, officers seized: 24) Royal Pythons (15) Green Anoles (11) Spotted Salamanders (10) Sick Red Eye Tree Frogs (10) Albino Milk Snakes (10) Orange Milk Snakes (10) Mexican Black King Snakes (4) Monarch Ball Pythons (4) Tarantulas (3) Pacman Frogs (yellow) (3) Coffee Pacman Frogs (3) Chilean Rose Tarantulas (3) Irian Jaya Blue Tongued Skinks (3) Bearded Dragons (3) Savannah Monitors (3) Rankin Dragons (3) Albino Aberrant Calif. King Snakes (3) Albino Banded Calif. King Snakes (3) Albino Striped Calif. King Snakes (3) Albino/Amelanistic Corn Snakes (3) Black Corn Snakes (2) Ball Pythons (2) Honduran Milk Snakes (2) Ornate Monitor Lizards (2) Chinese Caved Geckos (2) Veiled Chameleons (2) Centipedes (2) Green Tree Pythons (2) High White Calif. King Snakes (1) Timor Python (1) Carpet Python (1) Garter Snake (1) Banana Blade Clown (1) Banana Spotnose (1) Pinstripe Ball Python (1) Fire Skink (1) Indian Star Tortoise (1) Ghost Aztec Jungle Boa (1) Female Juvenile Axanthic Banana Ball Python (1) Female Juvenile Axanthic Banana Lesser Ball Python (1) Juvenile Axanthic Lesser Ball Python (1) Juvenile Axanthic Ball Python (1) Juvenile Ghost Piebald Ball Python (1) Juvenile Piebald Ball Python (1) Male Juvenile Axanthic Banana Enchi Ball Python “The smuggling of exotic pets has been on the rise in our area, and we work closely with our partners of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to protect and preserve these creatures and ensure that importations and exportations of wildlife adhere to all applicable federal requirements,” Port Director Carlos Rodriguez, Hidalgo/Pharr/Anzalduas Port of Entry said in a …

Examine Your Herp’s Health Before Buying
type: item
creator: Eric Los Kamp
date: 2025-10-28T20:22:27Z
subject: Advice
subject: Featured
subject: For Beginners
subject: Health
subject: buying herps
subject: herps
subject: reptile health
subject: reptiles
description: When looking to acquire your next pet, there are certain things to look for to ensure the animal is healthy. The post Examine Your Herp’s Health Before Buying appeared first on Reptiles Magazine.
encoded: Getting a new pet reptile is an exciting time for those of us in the reptile hobby. Whether it be a new species or another individual of a species we already keep, each pet brings a new adventure and a new aspect to the human-reptile bond. When looking to acquire your next pet, there are certain things to look for to ensure the animal is healthy. This article plans to describe what to look for in a prospective new pet. Before we start with how to examine your reptile, we need to discuss the source of your animal. When possible, always try to find a captive-bred individual, as wild-caught or farm raised animals bring a lot of issues with them. The importation process is very hard on reptiles and adds a lot of stress, which lowers their immune systems. This opens them up to opportunistic bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. The process also leaves them dehydrated and emaciated, further taxing their immune system and bodies. In addition to the physical pressures, the importation process leaves reptiles psychologically scarred and wary of humans, making them harder to acclimate to captivity and difficult to work with. Captive breeding avoids many of these pit falls and gives you a better chance at a healthy individual. With the source of the reptile addressed, now it’s time to go over what to look at for your new pet. I always start with the head, looking mainly at the mouth, eyes, and nose. You want to ensure you do not see any lumps or bumps in the mouth or in addition to excessive bubbles/saliva. These lumps could be potential abscesses, bubbles emanating from the mouth could be signs of a respiratory infection, and excessive saliva could indicate dehydration. You want to make sure the eyes are fully open and clear with no obvious discharge. If a reptile is constantly holding its eyes closed, there is something causing that animal discomfort and stress. Discharge from the nares and eyes can also indicate respiratory infections. With the head out of the way, y…

Scientists Reveal Motion of Venomous Snake Strikes
type: item
creator: John Virata
date: 2025-10-24T18:02:27Z
subject: Snake Information & News
subject: Venomous
subject: venomous snake
subject: snake
subject: Snakes
subject: venomous snakes
description: Venomous snakes in the Viperidae family reached faster peak velocities than elapids, with the exception of the rough-scaled death adder. The post Scientists Reveal Motion of Venomous Snake Strikes appeared first on Reptiles Magazine.
encoded: Researchers have recorded the strikes of some of the most venomous snakes in the world in an effort to showcase how their strikes compare among the 36 venomous snake species from three families; 31 Viperidae, 4 Elapidae and 1 Colubridae. The researchers employed high speed video cameras capable of capturing 1,000 frames per second to record the strikes of these snakes at a ballistics gel prey. They also tracked the strike trajectory in 3-D to measure strike movement and performance. <!--[if lt IE 9]> <![endif]--> https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/JEB250347.MovieS1.mp4 They then compared the performance within the Viperidae family across “predation style, diel activity pattern, diet, habitat type, temperature and first jaw contact with prey.” They also measured variables such as peak velocity and acceleration, the angle of the snake’s gape, the start distance and contact angle as well as the head size. These measurements all varied by the part of the jaw that first contacted the prey. https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/JEB250347.MovieS2.mp4 They found that the venomous snakes in the Viperidae family reached faster peak velocities than elapids, with the exception of the rough-scaled death adder (Acanthophis rugosus) which was just as fast as the vipers. The ambush predators and those that preyed on mammals had faster strike velocities. They often reached the target prey within 100 ms, which is within the mammalian startle response, the researchers noted. https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/JEB250347.MovieS3.mp4 The researchers also noted the behavioral differences among the three families. Viperidae strikes were smooth and often combined with fang repositioning. Elapidae had a fast bite time and bit and repeatedly squeezed their prey with their jaws and the Colubridae used their rear fangs by damaging the prey’s surface with alternate jaw movements. https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/J…

Giant Garter Snake Named California State Snake
type: item
creator: John Virata
date: 2025-10-20T18:24:40Z
subject: Snake Information & News
subject: Wild Snakes
subject: California
subject: endangered species
subject: garter snake
subject: Gov Newsom
subject: thamnophis
description: The giant garter snake feeds on small fish tadpoles and frogs and is active during the day. The post Giant Garter Snake Named California State Snake appeared first on Reptiles Magazine.
encoded: California Gov. Gavin Newsom has named the giant garter snake (Thamnophis gigas) as the official state snake. Senate Bill 765 by Sen. Roger Niello (R-Fair Oaks) sought to establish the snake as the state snake, citing the reptile’s decline in the state by more than 90 percent in the last 100 years that led to its listing as threatened under the California Endangered Species Act in 1971 and the Federal Endangered Species Act in 1993. Known only to occur in California’s Central Valley, the giant garter snake (Thamnophis gigas) reaches more than five feet in length, making it one of the largest garter snakes in Thamnophis genus. It is olive to brownish in coloration with a yellow or orange stripe that runs down the length of its back. It also features two lighter colored stripes that run along each side of its body. It inhabits the edges of large flood basins, freshwater marshes and tributaries in the Central Valley of California. The Garter Snake: A North American Icon Their range runs from Butte County in the north of the valley to Kern County in the south. They can also be found in agricultural wetlands as well as irrigation and drainage canals in rice fields and nearby uplands. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, just five percent of its historical wetland habitat acreage is left. Two-headed Garter Snake Found In Nebraska The giant garter snake feeds on small fish tadpoles and frogs and is active during the day. Threats to the giant garter snake include habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation, invasive aquatic plants, climate change, including flooding and drought, and floods. <a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=https%3A%2F%2Freptilesmagazine.com%2Fgiant-garter-snake-named-california-state-snake%2F&title=Giant%20Garter%20Snake%20Named%20California%20State%20Snake" data-a2a-url="https://reptilesmagazine.com/giant-garter-snake-named-california-state-snake/" data-a2a-title="Giant Garter Snake N…

Green Sea Turtle No Longer Listed As Endangered
type: item
creator: John Virata
date: 2025-10-16T18:44:40Z
subject: Turtles & Tortoises Information & News
subject: Wild Turtles & Tortoises
subject: Chelonia mydas
subject: endangered species
subject: green sea turtle
subject: IUCN
subject: IUCN Red List
subject: Least Concern
subject: Turtles
description: The marine turtle is now listed as a species of Least Concern, thanks to decades of conservation efforts. The post Green Sea Turtle No Longer Listed As Endangered appeared first on Reptiles Magazine.
encoded: The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) has been removed from the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Endangered species status and is now listed as Least Concern, thanks to decades of conservation efforts. According to the IUCN, the population of the green sea turtle has increased by 28 percent since the 1970s when the reptile was placed on the IUCN Red List. <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-98356" class="wp-image-98356 size-full" src="https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/data-import/7d816b49/green-sea-turtle-shutterstock_763135951.jpg" alt="Green Sea Turtle " width="712" height="534" srcset="https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/data-import/7d816b49/green-sea-turtle-shutterstock_763135951.jpg 712w, https://reptilesmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/data-import/7d816b49/green-sea-turtle-shutterstock_763135951-300x225.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 712px) 100vw, 712px" /> The green sea turtle is now a species of Least Concern. Photo by John Cuyos/Shutterstock “Green turtles are keystone species in tropical marine ecosystems such as seagrass meadows and coral reefs, and have held cultural, culinary, spiritual, and recreational importance for people worldwide for millennia,” the IUCN wrote in an October 10 press release. “Conservation efforts have focused on protecting nesting females and their eggs on beaches, expanding community-based initiatives to reduce unsustainable harvest of turtles and their eggs for human consumption, curtailing trade, and using Turtle Excluder Devices and other measures to reduce the accidental capture of turtles in fishing gear.” Contaminants Ingested By Female Green Sea Turtles May Cause More Female Hatchlings <iframe loading="lazy" class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" title="“Contaminants Ingested By Female Green Sea Turtles May Cause More Female Hatchlings” — Reptiles Magazine" src="https://reptilesma…